| Vitamin A Function
Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft
tissue, mucous membranes, and skin. It is also known as retinol because
it produces the pigments in the retina of the eye.
Vitamin A promotes good vision, especially in low light. It may also be needed for reproduction and breast-feeding.
Retinol is an active type of vitamin A. It is found in animal liver, whole milk, and some fortified foods.
Carotenoids are dark colored dyes found in plant foods that can turn
into a form of vitamin A. One such carotenoid is beta-carotene.
Beta-carotene is an antioxidant. Antioxidants protect cells from damage
caused by unstable substances called free radicals. Free radicals are
believed to contribute to certain chronic diseases and play a role in
the degenerative processes seen in aging.
Food Sources
Vitamin A comes from animal sources, such as eggs, meat, milk,
cheese, cream, liver, kidney, cod, and halibut fish oil. However, all
of these sources -- except for skim milk that has been fortified with
Vitamin A -- are high in saturated fat and cholesterol.
Retinol is an active type of vitamin A. It is found in animal liver, whole milk, and some fortified foods.
Sources of beta-carotene are carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes,
winter squashes, cantaloupe, pink grapefruit, apricots, broccoli,
spinach, and most dark green, leafy vegetables. The more intense the
color of a fruit or vegetable, the higher the beta-carotene content.
These vegetable sources of beta-carotene are free of fat and
cholesterol.
Side Effects
If you don't get enough vitamin A, you are more susceptible to infectious diseases and vision problems.
If you get too much vitamin A, you can become sick. Large doses of
vitamin A can also cause birth defects. Acute vitamin A poisoning
usually occurs when an adult takes several hundred thousand IU.
Symptoms of chronic vitamin A poisoning may occur in adults who
regularly take more than 25,000 IU a day. Babies and children are more
sensitive and can become sick after taking smaller doses of vitamin A
or vitamin A-containing products such as retinol (found in skin creams).
Increased amounts of beta-carotene can turn the color of skin to
yellow or orange. The skin color returns to normal once the increased
intake of beta-carotene is reduced.
Recommendations
The best way to get the daily requirement of essential vitamins is to eat a balanced diet that contains a variety of foods from the food guide pyramid.
The Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine recommends the following:
Infants
- 0 - 6 months: 400 micrograms per day (mcg/day)
- 7 - 12 months: 500 mcg/day
Children
- 1 - 3 years: 300 mcg/day
- 4 - 8 years: 400 mcg/day
- 9 - 13 years: 600 mcg/day
Adolescents and Adults
- Males age 14 and older: 900 mcg/day
- Females age 14 and older: 700 mcg/day
Women who are pregnant or producing breast milk (lactating) need higher amounts. Ask your doctor what dose is best for you.
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